1991-2010年宁夏水稻病虫害发生特征与经济损失分析

水稻病虫害发生种类繁多、暴发频繁,是威胁宁夏水稻稳产、高产的重要因素,但对其变化趋势与实际危害损失不清楚.基于宁夏水稻统计数据、稻田覆盖类型遥感数据和水稻产量数据,分析1991年至2010年宁夏水稻病虫害发生特征与经济损失情况.结果表明:1991年到2010年期间,宁夏水稻病害、虫害年均发生面积分别为5.3万hm2和2.0万hm2,其年均防治面积分别为8.4万hm2和1.6万hm2;水稻病害的发生程度下降了23.10％,防治程度上升了77.30％.20年间宁夏水稻虫害的发生面积、发生程度、防治面积和防治程度均显著增加.防治水稻病害、虫害后,分别挽回稻谷为2.67万吨、0.28万吨,其挽回损失量在20年期间分别增加了55.15％、2775.0％,表明水稻病虫害防治意义重大.由于气候变化等诸多因子,导致1991年到2010年宁夏水稻病害、虫害年均造成的实际稻谷损失量分别为0.71万吨与0.13万吨,水稻病害实际损失量在0值附件波动、虫害呈现波动增加趋势,说明水稻病害防控效果好、虫害的防控还有提升的空间.从全区各市县分布来看,水稻病虫害主要分布在宁夏的银北地区.为有效地防止或减少病虫害对水稻产量的损失,应加强农田景观变化和气候变化等对水稻病虫害发生与灾变的风险评估和监测预警,开展区域性水稻病虫害综合治理研究,并建立相应的防控新对策与技术体系.     

孝感城区中老年对慢性病及社区管理现状认知情况的调查研究

目的:调查孝感城区中老年对慢性病及其社区管理现状认知情况。方法:选择2010年7月至2015年7月在孝感城区3个社区的500名中老年人作为研究对象,利用自拟调查问卷对所有受试者进行数据调查,分析孝感城区中老年对慢性病的认知情况,及对慢性病社区管理现状的认知情况,分析影响慢性病认知的因素。结果:在慢性病种类中,孝感城区中老年人对于高血压和糖尿病,及风湿性关节炎与慢性支气管炎的认知率较高,而对于癌症、偏瘫及血栓的认知率较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在慢性病的危险因素中,孝感城区中老年人对于缺乏锻炼、吸烟及膳食不合理的认知率明显较高,而对于酗酒、缺乏保健知识及悲观情绪的认知率明显较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在慢性病社区管理现状上,孝感城区中老年对于指导其改变生活习惯的认知率较高,为62.00%,而在进行三级预防、强化慢性病自我管理、定期举办慢性病专题讲座以及建立社区卫生的信息服务平台等方面的认知率明显较低,分别为22.40%、36.80%、42.20%及21.80%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic分析显示,文化程度低、经济收入低、未患慢性病及年龄≥60岁均为慢性病认知的危险因素。结论:孝感城区中老年对慢性病及其社区管理现状认知仍存在一定的不足,相关社区卫生管理部门应针对问题的影响因素,积极采取措施,改善社区管理现状。     

Discovery and characterization of COVA322, a clinical-stage bispecific TNF/IL-17A inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases

Biologic treatment options such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. Recent data suggest, however, that full and long-lasting responses to TNF inhibitors are limited because of the activation of the pro-inflammatory T_H17/interleukin (IL)-17 pathway in patients. Therefore, dual TNF/IL-17A inhibition is an attractive avenue to achieve superior efficacy levels in such diseases. Based on the marketed anti-TNF antibody adalimumab, we generated the bispecific TNF/IL-17A-binding FynomAb COVA322. FynomAbs are fusion proteins of an antibody and a Fyn SH3-derived binding protein. COVA322 was characterized in detail and showed a remarkable ability to inhibit TNF and IL-17A in vitro and in vivo. Through its unique mode-of-action of inhibiting simultaneously TNF and the IL-17A homodimer, COVA322 represents a promising drug candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. COVA322 is currently being tested in a Phase 1b/2a study in psoriasis (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02243787).     

Effect of EGCG On Fe(III)‐induced conformational transition of silk fibroin,a model of protein related to neurodegenerative diseases

The abnormal aggregation of amyloid proteins is reported to play a critical role in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Studies have shown that excessive ferric irons are associated with the misfolding of amyloid proteins, and that (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a good metallic ion chelator with inhibitory effect on the aggregation of amyloid proteins. EGCG has been thus considered as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism of action for EGCG in inhibition of aggregation of amyloid proteins is still remaining unclear. Silk fibroin (SF) shares similarities with amyloid proteins in some amino acid sequences and fibrillation kinetics. In this work, therefore, we used SF as a model of protein to investigate the effects of Fe(III) and EGCG on conformational transition by using turbidity assay, thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscope (AFM). We demonstrated that low concentration of Fe(III) ions promoted the formation of β‐sheet conformers, while high concentration of Fe(III) ions inhibited further aggregation of SF. EGCG could significantly inhibit the conformational transition of SF when induced by Fe(III), and decrease the amount of β‐sheet conformers dose‐dependently. The findings provide important information regarding to EGCG as a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Fe(III) can accelerate the conformation transition of silk fibrion (SF) from random coil into β‐sheet, while (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits Fe(III)‐induced β‐sheet aggregation of SF., 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 100–107, 2016     

Crossing the threshold: an amphibian assemblage highly infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the southern Brazilian Atlantic forest

The fungal infection caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in amphibians is known to be lethal when infection intensity values exceed loads of 10,000 zoospores per individual. We investigated Bd infection intensity in 100 anurans of southern Brazil. Almost half of the individuals were infected and the intensity ranged from four to about 156,000 zoospore genomic equivalents. We found no clinical signs of chytridiomycosis and no evidence of mortality. However, we observed a reduction in the number of infected individuals with loads above 10,000 zoospores. This fact could be considered indirect evidence that individuals with high loads are removed from the population.     

The macroecology of infectious diseases: a new perspective on global‐scale drivers of pathogen distributions and impacts

Identifying drivers of infectious disease patterns and impacts at the broadest scales of organisation is one of the most crucial challenges for modern science, yet answers to many fundamental questions remain elusive. These include what factors commonly facilitate transmission of pathogens to novel host species, what drives variation in immune investment among host species, and more generally what drives global patterns of parasite diversity and distribution? Here we consider how the perspectives and tools of macroecology, a field that investigates patterns and processes at broad spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, are expanding scientific understanding of global infectious disease ecology. In particular, emerging approaches are providing new insights about scaling properties across all living taxa, and new strategies for mapping pathogen biodiversity and infection risk. Ultimately, macroecology is establishing a framework to more accurately predict global patterns of infectious disease distribution and emergence.     

Effects of temperature on the development,performance and fitness of the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): implications on its distribution under climate change

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